Addressing G(enocide) A(partheid) F(emicide) :

An Introductory Background

A multi-media package of 89 sources 

June 2021 -OPEN ASIA|Armanshahr Publishing

In the continuum of violence, all realities of harm and their causes have to be understood in relation to each other. As such, sexual violence and femicide are part of the weapons of war which are used by genocidal, colonial and apartheid projects, as those attempt to isolate, assimilate, harm, or destroy the very bodies that allow a people to give birth to its future generations, and seek to erase the souls which nurtures its culture and resilience.

In the light of this connection between genocide, apartheid and femicide, and to help expand your knowledge on these pressing matters, we have compiled for you a collection of articles, reports, statements and documentaries. 

You can access the resources below freely. This multi-media package is available in support of our 198th online seminar “G for genocide, A for apartheid, F for femicide” under our Of War and Collective Memory series, held on 12th June, 2021 with experts talking about Palestine, Afghanistan, Canada, Kurdistan, Mexico and Iran.

GENOCIDE

International Law on Genocide and the legal ramifications of this crime

How genocide is defined by international law

• Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), or Genocide Convention

Academic articles on Genocide

Theoretical considerations on genocide

• Straus, S.. ““Destroy Them to Save Us”: Theories of Genocide and the Logics of Political Violence.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (2012): 544 - 560.

• Wilson, R.. “Inciting Genocide with Words.” Michigan journal of international law 36 (2015): 277-320.

Genocide experienced by indigenous people in Canada

• Woolford, Andrew and Jeff Benvenuto. “Canada and colonial genocide.” Journal of Genocide Research 17 (2015): 373 - 390.

• Yousef, Talia. “Settler-Colonialism and Indigenous Women’s Rights: A Comparative Analysis of the Socioeconomic Impact endured by Indigenous women within 'Canada', and Indigenous Palestinian women within 'Israel'.” (2019).

• Mudde, L.. “Structural Genocide and Institutionalized Racism in Canada: The Department of Indian Affairs and Framing of Indigenous Peoples.” (2018).

• Linklater, Clive. “The Misery of Residential School. In Reversing Canada’s Genocide of First Nations.” (2017).

• Guematcha, Emmanuel. “Genocide Against Indigenous Peoples: The Experiences of the Truth Commissions of Canada and Guatemala.” International Indigenous Policy Journal 10 (2019): 1-23.

Genocide perpetrated in Iraq against the Yazidi and particularly Yazidi women

• Goodman, A., Hannah Bergbower, Violette Perrotte and A. Chaudhary. “Survival after Sexual Violence and Genocide: Trauma and Healing for Yazidi Women in Northern Iraq.” Health 12 (2020): 612-628.

• José, Paula García San. “The Rapes Committed against the Yazidi Women: a Genocide?: A Study of the Crime of Rape as a Form of Genocide in International Criminal Law.” Comillas journal of international relations (2020): 50-71.

• Potot-Warren, Jade. “Identifying Genocide: The Yazidi Massacre in the Context of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide 1948.” (2020).

• Kizilhan, J.. “Changes in the Yazidi Society and Religion after the Genocide—A Growing Rapprochement with Human Rights?” Open Journal of Social Sciences 07 (2019): 7-17.

Rwandan genocide and its relation to women

• Yanagizawa-Drott, David. “Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (2014): 1947-1994.

• D’Arville, Cecilia. “Violence Against Women in the Rwandan Genocide.” (2018).

• Brounéus, Karen. “The Women and Peace Hypothesis in Peacebuilding Settings: Attitudes of Women in the Wake of the Rwandan Genocide.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 40 (2014): 125 - 151.

• Yanagizawa-Drott, David. “Propaganda and Conflict: Theory and Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide.” (2012).

• Herndon, G. and S. Randell. “Surviving Genocide, Thriving in Politics: Rwandan Women’s Power.” Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 5 (2013): 69-96.

Genocide against the Rohingya in Myanmar

• MacManus, T., P. Green and A. D. L. C. Venning. “Countdown to Annihilation: Genocide in Myanmar.” (2015).

Reports and Statements on Genocide

Reports, statements and factsheets from NGOs, civil society organizations and experts on genocide.

• "Whose Court is it? Judicial handbook on victims’ rights at the ICC", FIDH

• The Genocide of the Palestinian People: An International Law and Human Rights Perspective. The Center for Constitutional Rights

• ISRAEL AND OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES, Amnesty International

• Report: Repression and genocidal dynamics in Burundi, FIDH

• Long-Overdue Arrest of Felicien Kabuga: A Crucial Step Toward Justice for Survivors of 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi, FIDH

• Srebrenica: 25 years after the genocide, victims are still fighting for truth, justice and reparation, FIDH

• "The Rwandan Genocide : A twenty year fight for justice (1994-2014)", FIDH

• A Handbook on Transitional Justice, from A to Z. Politis Asia 8-9. Armanshahr Foundation/Open Asia & FIDH (2012)

Documentaries on Genocide

These two seminal documentaries dive deep into the realities of genocide.

• The Herero genocide in Namibia, BBC Documentary by David Olusaga, 2005. 58min

• Rwanda, Story of a Genocide Foretold, France 24 Documentary by Michael Sztanke. 31min

APARTHEID

International law and the legal ramifications of the crime of apartheid

How genocide is defined by international law

• International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, UN

Academic articles on apartheid

Theoretical considerations on the crime of apartheid

• Lingaas, Carola. “The Crime against Humanity of Apartheid in a Post-Apartheid World.” Oslo Law Review 2 (2017): 86-115).

Apartheid and post-apartheid realities in South Africa

• Burger, R., S. V. D. Berg, S. V. D. Walt and D. Yu. “The Long Walk: Considering the Enduring Spatial and Racial Dimensions of Deprivation Two Decades After the Fall of Apartheid.” Social Indicators Research 130 (2017): 1101-1123.

• Mushonga, M. and Tsenolo M. Seloma. “Women's voices, women's lives: Qwaqwa women's experiences of the Apartheid and post-Apartheid eras.” Journal of Contemporary History 43 (2018): 196-214.

• Gradin, C.. “Occupational gender segregation in post-apartheid South Africa.” (2018).

• Levenson, Zachary. “Living on the Fringe in Post-Apartheid Cape Town.” Contexts 16 (2017): 24 - 29.

• Schierup, Carl-Ulrik. “Under the Rainbow: Migration, Precarity and People Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Critical Sociology 42 (2016): 1051 - 1068.

Apartheid in Israel and the occupied Palestine territory

• Greenstein, R.. “Israel, Palestine, and Apartheid.” Insight Turkey (2020): 73-92.

• Khan, Shahroze. “Is Israel an Apartheid State? A Critical Analysis of the Realities in Palestine.” (2018).

• Falk, R. and Virginia Q Tilley. “Israeli Practices towards the Palestinian People and the Question of Apartheid.” (2017).

• Barakat, B.. “Education and Intra-Alliance Conflict: Contrasting and Comparing Popular Struggles in Apartheid South Africa and Palestine.” Research in Comparative and International Education 3 (2008): 18 - 5.

• Momberg, Marthie. “In search of the grain: Israel, the Palestinians, South Africa and Germany.” STJ | Stellenbosch Theological Journal 5 (2020)

• Wintemute, R.. “Israel-Palestine Through the Lens of Racial Discrimination Law: Is the South African Apartheid Analogy Accurate, and What if the European Convention Applied?” King's Law Journal 28 (2017): 129 - 89.

Reports and Statements on apartheid

Reports, statement and factsheets from NGOs, civil society organizations and experts 

• A Threshold Crossed. Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution. Human Rights Watch

• The international community must hold Israel responsible for its crimes of apartheid, FIDH

• Immediate, effective and concrete measures to end Israeli oppression of Palestinians, FIDH

• In Israel, campaigns to discredit Israeli, Golan and Palestinian human rights defenders, FIDH

• Palestine : New report documents international crimes committed during Operation Protective Edge, FIDH

• FIDH and 190 organisations support Sheikh Jarrah families’ letter to the ICC regarding their imminent forced displacement, FIDH

Documentaries on apartheid

These two seminal documentaries dive deep into the realities of apartheid as experienced by its victims and exerted by its perpetrators, by exploring the South African and Palestinian apartheids. 

• Gaza Fights for Freedom, an Empire Files documentary from Abby Martin, 2019. 74min.

• South Africa, The White Laager, a UN Documentary by Peter Davis 1977. 56min

FEMICIDE | Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV)

International law on femicide and SGBV 

How femicide is being shaped as a fairly new legal category by international law and the legal ramifications of this crime

• The Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women, (Belem Convention)

• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

• Vienna Declaration on Femicide, United Nations

• ICC Prosecutor Policy Paper on Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes

• DECLARACION ON FEMICIDE, Organization of American States

• Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, Istanbul, Council of Europe

Academic articles on femicide and SGBV 

Theoretical considerations on the crime of femicide

• Kayir, Gülser & Kalav, Ayşe. Woman Killing is Political and What Should Be Done To Prevent Femicide? (2016).

• Radford, Jill, and Diana E. H. Russell.Femicide: the politics of woman killing. New York: Twayne.(1992)

• Johnson, H., Li Eriksson, P. Mazerolle and R. Wortley. “Intimate Femicide: The Role of Coercive Control.” Feminist Criminology 14 (2019): 23 - 3.

• Lund, R., S. Mânica and Giselle Mânica. “COLLATERAL ISSUES IN TIMES OF COVID-19: CHILD ABUSE, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND FEMICIDE.” Revista brasileira de odontologia 7 (2020): 54-69.

• Caicedo-Roa, Monica, Tiago Da Veiga Pereira and R. Cordeiro. “PROTOCOL: Risk factors for femicide.” Campbell Systematic Reviews 16 (2020)

• Wahyuni, Y. “Rape as a weapon in genocide and wars: Enquiring the problems of women’s witnessing rape.” Journal of Systems and Software 16 (2020): 121-136.

• Kaouta, Christiana, A. Nudelman and A. Ryen. “Femicide and Culture.” Journal of Comparative Social Work 13 (2018): 1-10.

• Crenshaw, K.. “Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (1991): 1241-1299.

• Peterman, A., Potts, A., O’Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, S., & Gelder, N.V. Pandemics and Violence Against Women and Children.(2020).

• Labenski, S.. “Countering Conflict Related Sexual and Gender-Based Violence through Reparations.” (2020).

Femicide and SGBV in Latin America

• López, G.Á.Femicide and gender violence in Mexico: elements for a systemic approach.(2019).

• Orellana, J., G. M. Cunha, L. Marrero, B. Horta and I. Leite. “Urban violence and risk factors for femicide in the Brazilian Amazon.” Cadernos de saude publica 35 8 (2019)

Femicide in Turkey

• Toprak, S. and Gokhan Ersoy. “Femicide in Turkey between 2000 and 2010.” PLoS ONE 12 (2017)

Femicide in Africa

• Alesina, A., Benedetta Brioschi and E. Ferrara. “Violence Against Women: A Cross-Cultural Analysis for Africa.” Economica 88 (2020): 70-104.

Femicide and SGBV among refugee women

• Wachter, K., Horn, R., Friis, E., Falb, K., Ward, L., Apio, C., Wanjiku, S., & Puffer, E. Drivers of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Three Refugee Camps. Violence Against Women, (2018). 24, 286 - 306.

• Freedman, J.. “Sexual and gender-based violence against refugee women: a hidden aspect of the refugee "crisis".” Reproductive Health Matters 24 (2016): 18 - 26.

Femicide in the Islamic republic of Iran

• Kusha HR, Ammar NH (2014) Stoning Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Is It Holy Law or Gender Violence. Arts Social Sci J 5: 063.

Reports and Statements on Femicide and SGBV 

Reports, statements and factsheets from NGOs, civil society organizations and experts on femicide and SGBV

• Sexual and Gender Based Violence : a Glossary from A to Z, FIDH

• Understanding and adressing violence against women , World Health organisation.

• Femicide and Impunity in Mexico: A context of structural and genearlized violence Report presented before the Committee on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women, CEDAW

• Reclaiming Power and Place, The Final Report of the National Inquiry Into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. MMIWG

• Fact Sheet on Missing and Murdered Aboriginal Women and Girls. Native Women’s Association of Canada,

• Strengthening Understanding of Femicide, PATH

• Femicide Across Europe, Theory, Research and Prevention. COST

• Intimate partner violence during pregnancy, Information Sheet, World Health Organization

• The Origin and Importance of the Term Femicide, Diana E.H Russell

• Defining Femicide, Diana E.H Russel

• Best Strategies to Advance the Global Struggle Against Femicide, Diana E.H Russel

• Femicide - The Power of a Name, Diana E.H Russell

• Crimes Against Women, Proceedings of the International Tribunal, Diana E.H Russeel and Nicole Van de Ven

Journalistic articles on recent developments and occurrences of femicide in Mexico and Canada

• Violence Against Women in Mexico Rises, Fair Observer

• In Mexico, women are hated to death, Aljazeera

• The Impunity Machine: Crimes against women do not matter in Mexico, El Universal

• Mexico ignores femicides, El Universal

• 10 women are murdered in Mexico every day, El Universal

• In Mexican capital, red shoes to protest killings of women, Associated Press

• Indigenous women are preyed on at horrifying rates. I was one of them, The Guardian Brandi Morin

• Missing & Murdered: The Unsolved Cases of Indigenous Women and Girls, CBC

• Still no inquiry into missing, murdered indigenous women, The Independent

• Pandemic has increased health-care inequity for Indigenous women, report find

Documentaries on femicide

These seminal documentaries dive deep into the crime of femicide, which is currently rising in Mexico, other Latin American countries, and across the world.

• The Femicide Epidemic in Mexico, 2015, a Vice Documentary by Rafael Castillo. 30min.

• Violence Against Women - Invisible Crimes, 2006, a Documentary by Wim Wenders for Doctors Without Borders. 24min.

• Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War, 2020, a DW Documentary by Daniele Alet. 42min